LUCIUS ARTORIUS CASTUS
el Dux Bellorum that turned into King Arthur
Interview with Antonio Trinchese
Osvaldo Carigi and Stefania Tavanti
almost always the transfiguration of a historical reality is the basis of any legend behind the King Arthur seems to have been the figure of a Roman cavalry officer lived in the second century. DC: Lucius Artorius Castus. "The name is Roman (Artorius) and suggests a Roman family who settled in Britain. We know that a Roman with this name was a senior military commander on the island in the third century and may have left many descendants in a profession that was Traditional Roman families, "he wrote in" A Literary History of England 'Kemp Malone with whom we have a first castus can relate to the legendary British monarch. In "History of Arthurian Scolarship 'Laey Norris says Malone, initially analyzing the Latin form of the name Artorius, said" there was even a pseudo-historical Arthur on the basis of a Roman general, known for having led military campaigns in Great Britain and Armorica (Brittany) in the middle of the second century after Christ "and sugerendo, after further study, that Castus was the main source of the Arthur of Geoffrey of Monmouth, or at least of the activities of Arthur Geoffrey I do not bring their Welsh sources. "Two inscriptions found near the tomb de Artorius cerca de Split hablan de su carrera que comenzó como centurión de la legión III Gallica y más tarde en la VI Ferrata , II Adiutrix y V Macedonica, donde obtuvo el grado de primus pilus . Bajo Marco Aurelio derrotó a varios pueblos bárbaros, como los formidables caballeros sármatas, de habla iránica, que luchaban cubiertos con armadura y adoraban a un dios de la guerra representado por una espada clavada en el suelo o en un altar de madera. Los romanos reclutaron 5500 de ellos y los enviaron, bajo el mando de Artorius, prefecto de la VI Victrix, desde la actual Hungria to the north of Britain to defend Hadrian's Wall. After passing through the Gulf of Naples as commander of the fleet, Castus was sent back to Britain, where, again leading his Sarmatian, defeated the Caledonians who had violated the border and defeated an army. Later in the period of Commodus, with the title "dux" took a large contingent of troops stationed in general in Britain, Gaul to quell a revolt by big bands of irregulars and deserters, led by Maternus. Finally, he was appointed governor of Libourne, in northern Dalmatia, where he is buried. The name of Artorius, its printed Saved in memory of the Sarmatians, mix in the Roman-Celtic populations of Britain, the same myths Sarmatians, very similar to the first cycle of King Arthur, are the subject of extensive research by talented Italian and foreign students including Trinchese Antonio, co- Mario de Matteis author of the book "Da Cimitile to Camelot. King Arthur fra storia e leggenda" We found him to learn some of the most important historical evidence that are strongly associated with the Arthurian matter "Dux bellorum.
............................................... .................................................. .................................................. .............
Osvaldo Carigi y Stefania Tavanti " Antonio, empezamos desde el lugar de origen de nuestro héroe que tu identificas, a raíz de la investigación previa realizada por el estadounidense L. Marcor, en una zona entre las ciudades de la Campania Avella, Capua y Pozzuoli. Ciertamente, el enfoque de "Avella / Avalon" es muy interesante porque, como se indica en el libro citado en el prólogo "Ambos nombres derivan de una palabra que, en varias lenguas europeas, antiguas and modern, says the 'apple', while noting that this similarity is emphasized by scholars and Franco Manganelli and Giacomo Devoto. It is important to highlight that Artorii were owners of a villa in Pozzuoli, and probably had at least a farm in the interior, as the Arzano toponym, a name derived from "or artorianum artianum proedium (the farm of Artorii) we also find in Britain and Dalmatia, where you put this Castus. "
Antonio Trinchese: Linda Malcor, after seeing the correspondence between the life of Artorius, historic figure, a and the mythical figure of King Arthur, believes that other elements of the myth may coincide with historical facts. The female characters of the family of Arthur are undoubtedly related to the magical island of Avalon, and Malcor therefore probable that the mother of Artorius Castus could come from the old Abella (Avella) or Abellinum (Avellino). The oldest evidence historiography (in Nevius, the third century BC) and put the gens epigraphic Artoria to Capua. while the main house, where he met Marcus Artorius registration Sabidianus Vicasius Prisuso, at the time of Trajan, was on the coast of Pozzuoli. The Legion of the Third Gallica Legion, where Castus start his career, came mostly from Campania. Arzano site not far from Capua and Pozzuoli, may have been the farm where it could have been born and grown our character. The perfect coincidence of the place names of Britain and Dalmatia with that of Campania could be related to the presence of the gens Artoia in those places. "
............. .................................................. ..................................................
................................................
Osvaldo Carigi and Stefania Tavanti: " The Artorii seem to have relations with the Hellenic culture, even if not available, the current state of research, documents certifying the origin of the gens from Greece, which, however, as there is a myth that is similar to King Arthur, as noted by Graham Anderson, professor of classics at the University of Kent, in his "King Arthur in Antiquity" Arkas, king of Arcadia, son of the nymph Callisto, was conceived by Zeus with deception, such as Arthur, the fruit of the union between Uther Pendragon and Igraine, under the guise of legitimate husband. Arkas ruled a city called "table", he possessed a magic key called "Calabrops" (which can not fail to recall the most famous "Excalibur") and was considered the ancestor of the Messapi, the Illyrian Greek culture established in the Salento (Apulia). For Messapi "Artas" was the name of a king, perhaps a title, while a Messapian family name was "Artaios" linguistically equivalent to the Latin "Artorius." After nearly killing his mother, who became the star Arktos (Bear) in the constellation Ursa Major, Arkas in turn becomes the star Arktouros (Arthur), "bear watcher" which in Latin becomes "Arcturus." "Artorius" has, according to linguistic parameters, its etymology more plausible in a derivation of "Arcturus ."
Antonio Trinchese: "The name could be passed through by Campania and its relatives Messapi Daun. The physician of Augustus, Artorius Asclepiades, is remembered by inscriptions in Greek language in the sacred island of Delos and Izmir, just on the Lydia region where myths were located studied by Anderson. This supports the identification of Artorius with Arthur, but also notes the similarity with the myth of Callisto and Arcade / Arthur, you remember, and other myths, such as Ardus, "the greatest of the Knights", a descendant of Hercules, King of Lydia in Asia Minor, which had as its predecessor Camblite (Kamble or Kamblitas), perhaps identifiable with the same Hercules (the myth also has several similarities with King Arthur: Zeus / Pendragon who becomes partner the hero's mother, the 12 labors of Hercules, which correspond to the 12 battles of Arthur), in some tales of King Arthur speaks Camalis, an ancestor of Arthur, King of Camalat (Camelot). Anderson found similarities between other characters artúricosen the ancient myths of Anatolia, Persian and Caucasian. "
............. .................................................. ..................................................
.................................................
Osvaldo Carigi and Stefania Tavanti "Principal Actor in the tales of King Arthur's Merlin, a powerful magician and prophet, the son of a demon and a virgin who, according to legend , grew up and followed the young Arthur to his ascension to the throne. He appeared for the first time in history Regum Britanniae of Geoffrey of Monmouth and then his character was developed by Robert de Boron, French author twelfth or thirteenth century, known for being the first connotation to write a purely "Christian" myth of the Grail. In Italy the figure of Merlin is especially relevant: for example, between 1274 and 1279, consisting "The Prophecies of Merlin, which intertwine the story of the magician and the other heroes of Britain. It also appears in several poems of chivalry of Italian literature. This is just a fictional character or a real character? And because his figure has been associated with Arthur? "
Antonio Trinchese " The figure of Merlin appears as the result of an overlay of historical facts and myths. Two centuries before Geoffrey of Monmouth in the history of child without a father, which would be sacrificed to allow the construction of the fortress of King Vortigern, who with his vision of two dragons and prophetic interpretation therefore denied the king and his witches, and obtained salvation, appears in the History attributed Brittonum to Nennius. The name of the boy, who was declared the son of a Roman consul, however, was reported Ambrosio: therefore this figure is linked to the historical figure of Ambrosio Aureliano mentioned by Gildas, "the last of the Romans", the leader of the Celts, Romans against the Saxon invaders in the fifth century. Geoffrey, first covers the history of child Ambrosio, add the name of "Merlinus" retrieves the other character Ambrosio Aureliano, changing the name Aurelio ponendolo Ambrose and Arthur's uncle eats. Celtic Merlin Myrddin is derived from the name of a character in British folklore (with references also to the legends of Lailoken and Suibhne), a sage and magician who went crazy and took refuge in the forest of Celandine, in southern Scotland. The name "Myrddin" could be linked to the city in Wales, where the light is given, Carmarthen or Caerfryddin, meaning "sea fortress" and could be linked to an ancient goddess of the sea, but has an undeniable similarity to the Latin name Martinus, which is well cimrica version (it is interesting to note that Lucius Artorius Castus was buried in the village of San Martín, San Martín, near the church, and as the legend of St. Martin and the references are to the etymology of the name of Arthur). "
.... .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..............
Osvaldo Carigi and Stefania Tavanti: "Robert Boron address first the fascinating topic of "The Sword in Stone ", tells how Arthur had become king of extracting rock magic weapon. The sword, forged in Avalon, was originally named Caliburnus, where Excalibur. The name has been associated with the Roman province of Libourne, corresponding north of Croatia. Is there a connection between Lucius Artorius Castus and Liburnia? According to a later version, Arthur receives Excalibur from the Lady of the Lake after breaking Caliburnus in battle and when the point of death in order to throw the sword water. The story of Excalibur has only a symbolic or ritual practice may find there is real? "
Antonio Trinchese: "The first description of the wonderful sword of King Arthur, yet unnamed, is located in the Welsh poem" The Dream of Rhonabwy "transcript later in the collection of the Mabinogion, is undoubtedly a preceding history of Geoffrey of Monmouth. The latter puts the name "Caliburnus" without mentioning the reason for the "Sword in the Stone", but before a sword stuck appointment a shield, which is the sword of Julius Caesar, "Mors crocea" or "yellow death", which remained trapped in the shield of Nennius, Prince British and buried with him. Seem to reasons related to the cult of the sword, characteristic of the peoples of nomadic horsemen from the steppes. Herodotus mentions that the sword was the symbol of Ares or Mars of the Scythians, located at the top of the altar, formed by piles of wood, which held the animal and human sacrifices. Many centuries later, Ammianus Marcellinus mentions a similar cult between the Alans, akin to the Scythians and Sarmatians. The elements of the ancient cult of the sword is clearly evident in the Nart saga Ossetia, where the hero Batraz receives a magical sword from his stepmother, in point of death, it returned to the waters in a manner similar the Excalibur in the "Morte d'Arthur." The cult of the sword was present in the various peoples known as barbarians, and there are precedents in the mythologies of Greece and Germany. The name "Caliburnus" was said to be derived from the Latin word "chalyb" or "steel" in turn is connected to Calibos Caucasus, known to be expert blacksmiths. It is noteworthy that, in most stories of King Arthur, the sword is drawn from the rock, but an anvil sitting on a rock, which can be a symbol of the work of blacksmiths, once considered magical or demonic. This name can identify the root "Liburna, they never explained by previous research, reminiscent Libourne, the province where Artorius Castus was the Roman governor. In your registration you can read the letters ... Jure CIAELIBURNIAE Gladio ", incidentally very close to the words used by Geoffrey," Gladio OPTIMO Caliburn. " Liburnia was the northern part of Dalmatia, the land forces that continually offered riders auxiliary used in Britain, "Alae Dalmatarum" or "Delmatarum". You can say, Finally, in Latin "Caliburnus" means "Liburna steel." As for the origin of the legendary weapon of the island of Avalon, it appears that the Illyrians obtenian weapons the rocks of magnetic islands and Jabuka Brusnik, or knob, or "island of apples", etymologically related to Avalon. "
.............. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
.....
Osvaldo Carigi and Stefania Tavanti "We can not fail to mention the mysterious Grail. Object with great capacity for regeneration, described variously as a tray, a stone brought by angels to earth after the fall of Lucifer, the chalice of the Last Supper in which Joseph of Arimathea had collected the blood of Jesus crucified, in the tales of King Arthur is a long sought by the Knights of the Round Table, sent by Arthur to lead prosperity and peace in his kingdom. A magical cup (Nartamongae) and a round table also appear in the heroic saga Nart. "
Antonio Trinchese: " A cup was already in the myth of the divine origins of the Scythians, the ancestors and relatives the Sarmatians and the Alans, as reported by Herodotus: a cup falling from the sky attributed to one of three founders of the Scythians, Colaxais, the right to be king. In the Nart sagas of the cup called Nartamongae, if empty, filled, as a horn of plenty, can approach the lips only the bravest of heroes, has the power to determine who is telling the truth. The heroes were fighting for possession, but only Batraz deserves a hero without blemish and without fear.
In another Nart saga describes a kind of castle of the Grail, which contains a table and a plate of gold, and an inscription on the door: "This is where Queen bondad, pero no se puede entrar" . Por último, se dice que los Nart, después de haber participado en las actividades marciales y de jinetes que de le gustaban, continuaban bailando en el borde de una mesa redonda, tratando de no dejar caer la bebida contenida en una taza en el centro del tablero."
.........................................................................................................................................................................
Osvaldo Carigi y Stefania Tavanti "Los sármatas permanecieron en Gran Britain, still in the Notitia Dignitatum 400 AD, it scored a cuneus Sarmatarum on the island, so there is the possibility of merging with the people of the island, particularly those living near Hadrian's Wall, including Votadinos , which later moved, at least in part, in Wales. A miserable business of this town is sung in the heroic poem "Gododdin" in ancient Welsh language, where, in stanza XCIX, is mentioned by Arthur to represent the value of a Warrior "feed the ravens of the walls of the fortress although it was Arthur. "Behind this name could conceal the distant echo of the stories of Artorius, repeated cimrico language, probably "Mixed" with the exploits of some local chiefs who bore the same name, with the change only in transcription and pronunciation. "
Antonio Trinchese: "The decline of a group of mounted warriors belonging to the Votadini (or Gododdin in your language) in North Wales, under the direction of Cunedda, to defend against invading Scots (Irish) was a milestone in the affairs of Great Britain after the Roman era. The royal houses of northern Wales Gwynedd, were considered descendants of Cunedda. These riders came from the area presided over two centuries ago by the Sarmatians, were probably descended from the joints of the Sarmatians with the local population, which spoke the language, while retaining the techniques of war and folklore of their ancestors from the steppes, and the dragon symbol even in the Welsh flag. In the same area should not forget the "old King Coel", a famous folk song ("Old King Cole") is Coel Hen, probably a Roman commander of troops to defend the wall, called Coelius. Among the ancestors of King Coel is a "Ritigern" or "Leader of the Kings" King Contemporary Lucio de Gran Bretaña y de Lucius Artorius Castus (probablemente tres nombres de la misma figura histórica), en su descenso, siempre se informa en las "Genealogías de Gales" , hay un "Arthwys", que parece una transcripción de "Artorius". Este "Arturius hijo de Marius," Príncipe de Elmet y que vivio en la era del Monte Badon, podría ser el Arthur citado en las Crónicas de Gales que murió en Camlann en el 539. Cunedda se habría casado con una hija de Coel Hen, descendiente de Lucius Artorius Castus , si se identifica con Ritigern. Los descendientes de Cunedda y la hija de Coel Hen eran entonces los gobernantes de Gwynedd durante la resistencia contra la invasión anglo-sajón. Encontramos, después of all traces of a dynasty Artoria, whether genetic or ideal, to defend the Celtic-Roman Britain. "
.................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .
Osvaldo Carigi and Stefania Tavanti: " At the end of our meeting, we talked of where he died and Castus in this sense, used to say that your hypothesis not much different from that of Marcor. Interestingly enough information given by David J. Knight, who in his "King Lucius of Britain", citing Artorius as one of the characters that can be identified with King Lucius, appointing a 'St. Luzius' revered in Chur (Chur), Switzerland, near which is a village called Casti ... "
Antonio Trinchese: "It's something worth investigating. Castus may have died out during the war between Severus and Albinus (Severus crossed the Rhaetian to go in Gaul) de acuerdo con una reconstrucción que no está muy lejos de la de Malcor, que contempla el final de la Batalla de Lugdunum, en la Galia; o mandando tropas auxiliares británicas que estában estacionados en esa región, o durante un viaje entre Dalmacia y Gran Bretaña. La tradición de San Luzius de Chur es similar a la británica, con el detalle añadido de la muerte en ese lugar, que, por tanto, deriva de una fuente que no sea Beda y el Liber Pontificalis y podría ser el recuerdo de un acontecimiento historico."
....................................................................................................................................................................
Antonio Trinchese was born in Padua on December 5, 1962. BA in Political Science, was administrative Added Italian embassies in Buenos Aires and Algiers, and then Consul of Italy in Dortmund (Germany) and Dakar (Senegal). is currently president of the "Centro Internazionale Studi per il Mediterraneo" in Tunisia. Author of essays on history and politics, writes:
" Cimitile: storia, politics, economy" in "Cimitile di Nola: Christian dell'arte e inizio tradizioni local "(de la cual es junto a co-curador Mario de Matteis), Athena Verlag, 2002
" Lucius Artorius Castus "en" King Arthur in history and legend "(de la cual es co curador-junto a Mario de Matteis), Athena Verlag, 2004
" The sacredness of the place in archaic and classical," en "Cimitile: Heritage?" (de la cual es co- curador junto a Mario de Matteis), Athena Verlag, 2005
" The emergence of non-violence in the tales and Arthurian Arthurian type nel Medioevo, "in Quaderni n. Radicali 104, 2009
" e partiti politici democratic methods", in Quaderni n. Radicali 105, 2010
is in the process of publishing a new book about King Arthur "The Re Artù k'avemo perduto", always with Mario de Matteis.
0 comments:
Post a Comment